Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible - Revelation, Esther, Song of Songs, James etc

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Niemand
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Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible - Revelation, Esther, Song of Songs, James etc

Post by Niemand »

We like to think we have the "right canon". But do we? What about books which barely scraped in? These are the books whose place in the Bible was not always assured.
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Intro
We have a 66 book Bible canon in the LDS. We have inherited that from the Protestants. This is a trimmed down list of what the Roman Catholics who decided on at the Council of Trent in the mid-16th century. The short version is that the Protestants took books out (Apocrypha), and the Roman Catholics decided what should go in. The RCs, to be fair to them, went by a fairly well established list of books that had been accepted for around a thousand years. On a different note, 66 is also an "evil" number, and it surprises me that more Christians haven't commented on that.

Some of the books which only just made it into our canon are very well known to us.

What's in and what's out?
I've posted a lot on books in the Apocrypha recently, i.e. the ones which are in someone else's Bible but not our own. These are also known as the Deuterocanonical books (i.e. secondary canon) or intertestamental books. Some of these books can be found in Roman Catholic Bibles (Tobit etc) so it would be pretty insular/sectarian to say that most Christians aren't aware of them – that's not true on a purely numbers basis. Others like 3 Corinthians are only known to a handful of Armenians.... at the other extreme, there are quasi-Jewish groups such as the Samaritans and Karaites who only accept the Torah or Pentateuch (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) as inspired scripture and nothing else. (I think it is fair enough to say that a lot of Christians barely read the drier bits of the Torah!) Can you imagine a five book Bible? Well they have one!

There are also numerous books that never got into the Bible in the first place.

What about another group.... the books which barely made it into the Bible? There are more of these than you might think. There are books that Martin Luther wanted to remove from the Bible, but didn't. Now I don't agree with all these choices personally, since they include some of my favourite Bible books. Luther put some of these in the Apocrypha (and I discuss them in the footnote) Long before Martin Luther, Eusebius, Origen and others argued against certain New Testament books, and the Peshitta (Syriac Bible) excluded some. The Jews anciently included some books and excluded others depending on their denominations and that has caused problems too.

There are those who have also spoken out against Paul's dominance of the New Testament. Pazooka has a thread about this:
viewtopic.php?t=69036

Antilegomena
There is a fancy name for these books which only just got in, it's "Antilegomena" which means "spoken against" in Greek. The opposite of antilegomena is "homologo(u)mena" which would include the four gospels, Torah etc, i.e. those books with solid support.

Eusebius in the 300s is one of the first to mention the antilegomena, he says:
""It is not indeed right to overlook the fact that some have rejected the Epistle to the Hebrews, saying that it is disputed [αντιλέγεσθαι - antilegesthai] by the church of Rome, on the ground that it was not written by Paul... Among the disputed writings, [των αντιλεγομένων], which are nevertheless recognized by many, are extant the so-called epistle of James and that of Jude, also the second epistle of Peter, and those that are called the second and third of John, whether they belong to the evangelist or to another person of the same name. Among the rejected writings must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul, and the so-called Shepherd [of Hermas], and the Apocalypse of Peter, and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas, and the so-called [Didache or] Teachings of the Apostles; and besides, as I said, the Apocalypse of John [Revelation], if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject, but which others class with the accepted books. And among these some have placed also the Gospel according to the Hebrews, with which those of the Hebrews that have accepted Christ are especially delighted. And all these may be reckoned among the disputed books. [των αντιλεγομένων]"

Even in more recent times, we have seen Bible scholars voting on which sayings of Jesus they consider to be authentic.

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Here are some Antilegomena which do appear in LDS Bibles. (I've underlined books which I would include in my personal choices for the the Bible.):

New Testament: Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2 John, 3 John, Jude and Revelation

Old Testament: Esther, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs/Song of Solomon, Proverbs, Ezekiel

* Hebrews, because the author does not name himself in it. There are also some doctrinal questions about it.
* James is the partial basis for Mormonism as many of you know. Critics of James say that it promotes salvation by works. Luther called it "an epistle of straw" (epistola straminea)
* 2 Peter seems to be stylistically different from 1 Peter.
* Jude is very short and also has a major and obvious quote of the Book of Enoch, which I have mentioned elsewhere, as well as pissibly the Assumption of Moses.
* Revelation(s) or the Apocalypse of John is one of the most important books in Christian history and yet it is one of the most controversial with multiple differing interpretations... I personally do consider it scripture and find it edifying. It is a Christian response to the book of Daniel and contains terrifying predictions for our future and I believe some of it is unfolding before our eyes. From the earliest times Revelation has attracted dubious groups, and it continues to today, which is why some people hate it.
* Esther falls under condemnation for teo reasons, firstly its lack of veneration of God (which is what all the additions to Esther (see links) are all about); and secondly its main characters Esther and Mordecai have names suspiciously similar to Ishtar and Marduk, the Babylonian deities.
* The Song of Songs/Song of Solomon has had many detractors including Martin Luther. Joseph Smith comments that it is not scripture and yet it still appears in our Bibles. Some Christians say it is the love between Christ and his church/Israel, while detractors say it is just the writer getting it on with a woman and half way to porn. There is a thread on its canonicity at viewtopic.php?p=1310477
* I'm also very partial to Ecclesiastes, as I find it one of the most moving books in the Old Testament.
* Ezekiel - an amazing book with some very trippy imagery and some outrageous scenes in it.

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Here is what a few sources have to say about these books.

http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp? ... TILEGOMENA

It was due chiefly to this special vigilance that the following books were not accepted by the ch. everywhere before the latter part of the 4th c.: Ja, Jude, 2 and 3 Jn, 2 Ptr, Heb and Rv. The author of Heb is not definitely known; the identity of the James who is the author of the letter was not altogether certain, and the content of the letter was misunderstood; 2 and 3 Jn are addressed to private persons and were not made accessible to larger circles; 2 Ptr was most likely written shortly before the death of the author and had no definite addressees; Jude is very short and has a very circumscribed message; and the Rv was under suspicion because of its nature. Over against these objections it is to be noted that all these books are mentioned at a very early date, some of them referred to as early as the beginning of the 2d c. as apostolic writings, and all of them finally accepted by the ch. in the course of the 4th c.


https://www.gotquestions.org/antilegomena.html
However, seven of those twenty-seven books were subject to more debate than the others. Those seven were Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, and Revelation. Unlike the works that were rejected outright, these books contained no obvious disqualifiers. They did not present heresy, they were not clearly linked to a non-orthodox church, and so forth. Rather, each fell short in the minds of some early Christians, according to the criteria given above.
The problems arise when these anteligomena contradict the homologomena or doctrines arise on the basis of these scriptures.

F. C. Baur used the term in his classification of the Pauline Epistles, classing Romans, 1-2 Corinthians and Galatians as "homologoumena"; Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1-2 Thessalonians and Philemon as "antilegomena"; and the Pastoral Epistles as "notha" (spurious writings). This increases the list even more.

Other categories
So apart from the homologoumena (almost universally accepted), and the canonical antilegomena, there are the other categories:

* Some other non-canonical antilegomena exist: the Epistle of Barnaby/Barnabas, Didache, Acts of Paul and Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, 1 Clement and 2 Clement and the Didache are among these. (Laodiceans and 3 Corinthians were accepted by some churches into late mediaeval times but are not included in this list.) I may write on some of these.
* The true western Apocrypha (see below) as used by the Roman Catholics, Amish, Anglicans & Lutherans; to which we can add Orthodox and Ethiopian works. I've covered most of these already.
* Pseudepigrapha – the remainder. These range from the respectable to the ridiculous and are vast in number. A lot of people refer to the Pseudepigrapha as Apocrypha and confuse the two.
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Footnote: The "official" KJV Apocrypha
Our KJV retains the preface for some reason, but we know for a fact that Joseph Smith's own copy contained the Apocrypha in its own section:
"The Bible used for Joseph Smith's Revision was purchased in E. B. Grandin's Bookstore in Palmyra, New York; on October 8, 1828; it was a large family Bible... It was an edition of the Authorized Version 'together with the Apocrypha,' which was located between the two testaments, and was an 1828 edition, printed in Cooperstown, New York, by H. and E. Phinney Company." – "A History of Joseph Smith's Revision of the Bible," by Reed C. Durham, Jr., Ph.D. dissertation, Brigham Young University, 1965, page 25)


The KJV Apocrypha is as follows:

1 Esdras (3 Ezra), 2 Esdras (4 Ezra), Tobit, Judith, the rest of Esther, Wisdom (of Solomon), Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Baruch with the Epistle of Jeremiah, the Song of the 3 Children, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, Prayer of Manasses, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees

I've written articles on all these. These books just mentioned would be the Apocrypha referred to in the Doctrine and Covenants and not any others. The Jews do not accept any of these as canon, but appear to in the past. The Orthodox churches have many more of their own, which do not appear in the KJV.

--
This is part of my ongoing series on Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical works:

1 Esdras inc. audiobook link
viewtopic.php?p=1343974

2 Esdras (the most relevant book in the Apocrypha?) inc. audiobook link
viewtopic.php?p=1344302

1 Maccabees
viewtopic.php?t=69454

2 Maccabees
viewtopic.php?t=69468

3 Maccabees
viewtopic.php?t=69496

4 Maccabees
viewtopic.php?t=69515

Book of Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy/Jeremiah
viewtopic.php?t=69433

Book of Tobit inc. audiobook link
viewtopic.php?p=1341501

Apocryphal additions to Esther inc. audiobook link
viewtopic.php?p=1343414

Bel and the Dragon (quoted in full, KJV; inc audiobook link)
viewtopic.php?t=69261

Prayer of Azarias and Hymn of the Three Children (quoted in full KJV, inc. audiobook link)
viewtopic.php?p=1341611

Book of Judith and the Book of Mormon, inc. audiobook link
viewtopic.php?t=69402

Book of Susanna inc. audiobook link
viewtopic.php?t=69386

Wisdom of Solomon
viewtopic.php?t=69469

Book of Sirach or Ecclesiasticus
viewtopic.php?t=69412

Prayer of Mannases (aka Mannaseh; quoted in full KJV, inc. audiobook link)
viewtopic.php?t=69263

Psalm 151 (quoted in full, NRSV)
viewtopic.php?t=63875

Epistle to the Laodiceans (NT, quoted in full Wycliffe's translation, )
viewtopic.php?t=64025

The Book of Odes - this is an Eastern Orthodox work of limited interest, but included for the sake of completeness.
viewtopic.php?t=69470

Outside the Western and Eastern Orthodox Canon...

The Ethiopian canon. This includes brief info on the books of Sinodos, Ethiopian Clement, Ethiopian Covenant, and Didascalia as well as a list of other works in the canon.
viewtopic.php?t=69540

The Book of Enoch
viewtopic.php?t=69577

Book of Jubilees (Apocrypha) aka the Little Genesis or Leptogenesis - Cain, Moses, Enoch, Nephilim
viewtopic.php?t=69548

3 Corinthians (Armenian canon)
viewtopic.php?t=69567

The Shepherd of Hermas
viewtopic.php?p=1352230

The Epistle of Barnabas/Barnaby
viewtopic.php?p=1352826

The Didache
viewtopic.php?p=1353149

Is Q canonical? How about the Gospel of Thomas?
viewtopic.php?t=69715
Last edited by Niemand on February 14th, 2023, 2:08 pm, edited 5 times in total.

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JLHPROF
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Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible

Post by JLHPROF »

I am of the opinion that all revelations and inspired writings that can be considered from God (with correct provenance) should be canonized by an organization if they were directed to that organization.

In other words, if God took the time to speak to the Church about anything it darn well should be canon. Canon should include everything God said or directed his prophets to tell us.
And while I appreciate the principle of common consent I don't think we should be voting on whether to obey part of God's word and exclude other parts.
Items that were not of divine authorized provenance should not be canon.
There's a lot of bogus scripture floating around and a lot of ignored revelation.

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Niemand
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Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible

Post by Niemand »

JLHPROF wrote: February 7th, 2023, 4:22 pm I am of the opinion that all revelations and inspired writings that can be considered from God (with correct provenance) should be canonized by an organization if they were directed to that organization.

In other words, if God took the time to speak to the Church about anything it darn well should be canon. Canon should include everything God said or directed his prophets to tell us.
And while I appreciate the principle of common consent I don't think we should be voting on whether to obey part of God's word and exclude other parts.
Items that were not of divine authorized provenance should not be canon.
There's a lot of bogus scripture floating around and a lot of ignored revelation.
I've written about the books which have been taken out and I thought it's worth talking about some of the ones which stayed in and how their position was shakier than we tend to think.

I've often heard Christians say we should not listen to Book X because it is not in the Bible and not Book Y which isn't. The Song of Solomon has an odd position in canon as quasi-erotica and Esther barely mentions God if at all. I definitely find some books in the Bible more inspiring than others. I include James, Revelation and Ecclesiastes among these. Revelation is very relevant and Ecclesiastes is easier to approach than Leviticus. I find 2 Esdras more inspiring than some parts of D&C and so on and so on.

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JLHPROF
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Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible

Post by JLHPROF »

Niemand wrote: February 7th, 2023, 5:07 pm
JLHPROF wrote: February 7th, 2023, 4:22 pm I am of the opinion that all revelations and inspired writings that can be considered from God (with correct provenance) should be canonized by an organization if they were directed to that organization.

In other words, if God took the time to speak to the Church about anything it darn well should be canon. Canon should include everything God said or directed his prophets to tell us.
And while I appreciate the principle of common consent I don't think we should be voting on whether to obey part of God's word and exclude other parts.
Items that were not of divine authorized provenance should not be canon.
There's a lot of bogus scripture floating around and a lot of ignored revelation.
I've written about the books which have been taken out and I thought it's worth talking about some of the ones which stayed in and how their position was shakier than we tend to think.

I've often heard Christians say we should not listen to Book X because it is not in the Bible and not Book Y which isn't. The Song of Solomon has an odd position in canon as quasi-erotica and Esther barely mentions God if at all. I definitely find some books in the Bible more inspiring than others. I include James, Revelation and Ecclesiastes among these. Revelation is very relevant and Ecclesiastes is easier to approach than Leviticus. I find 2 Esdras more inspiring than some parts of D&C and so on and so on.
Content matters, but so does origin. A lot of left out Biblical texts have unknown or highly questionable origins and authors. Like most Gnostic texts for instance. Some good true stuff in those but they really aren't inspired scriptures.

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Niemand
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Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible

Post by Niemand »

JLHPROF wrote: February 7th, 2023, 5:16 pm Content matters, but so does origin. A lot of left out Biblical texts have unknown or highly questionable origins and authors. Like most Gnostic texts for instance. Some good true stuff in those but they really aren't inspired scriptures.
There seems to be a fashion now for saying a book was banned from the Bible or deliberately kept out. That is true of some of the books – definitely the ones in the KJV Apocrypha or Laodiceans. But there are a lot of books which were never contenders in the first place, especially some of the Infancy Gospels.

I think with all these things one should use the Spirit and discernment where possible.

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TheChristian
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Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible - Revelation, Esther, Song of Songs, James etc

Post by TheChristian »

Anybody regardless of whom they are whom have had an encounter with Jesus of Nazerath, had a vision or prophetic dream, a sign , wonder or miracle in their lives or have witnessed such and write it down have Scripture before their very eyes.

I read many of these ancient Apocraphal works in my youth, for the N/E of Scotland had a long and strong Christian heritage and thru the wealth of the fisherfolks whom were oft the most fervent and devout of Christians and hence thru hard work obtained some wealth obtained all the best books of Ancient times concerning the Jews and the Christians......
And hence it was easy for me to obtain ancient works, writings, a friend of mine an old Born Again Episcopalian minister in Aberdeen used to sell numerous old christian books, some going back to the early 18th century.......
My father obtained for me Josephus History of the Jews a victorian first edition, a heavy, heavy read, yet enlightening concerning the Biblical Jews, he mentions prophets and prophecies not mentioned in the bible and states that the Temple in Jerusalem before it was destroyed was filled with records and scriptures of his people and Gods dealings with them..........

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JLHPROF
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Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible - Revelation, Esther, Song of Songs, James etc

Post by JLHPROF »

TheChristian wrote: February 8th, 2023, 3:31 pm Anybody regardless of whom they are whom have had an encounter with Jesus of Nazerath, had a vision or prophetic dream, a sign , wonder or miracle in their lives or have witnessed such and write it down have Scripture before their very eyes.
Including Joseph Smith right?

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TheChristian
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Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible - Revelation, Esther, Song of Songs, James etc

Post by TheChristian »

"Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's"
saying of Jesus of Nazerath.........

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Niemand
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Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible - Revelation, Esther, Song of Songs, James etc

Post by Niemand »

TheChristian wrote: February 8th, 2023, 3:31 pm Anybody regardless of whom they are whom have had an encounter with Jesus of Nazerath, had a vision or prophetic dream, a sign , wonder or miracle in their lives or have witnessed such and write it down have Scripture before their very eyes.

I read many of these ancient Apocraphal works in my youth, for the N/E of Scotland had a long and strong Christian heritage and thru the wealth of the fisherfolks whom were oft the most fervent and devout of Christians and hence thru hard work obtained some wealth obtained all the best books of Ancient times concerning the Jews and the Christians......
And hence it was easy for me to obtain ancient works, writings, a friend of mine an old Born Again Episcopalian minister in Aberdeen used to sell numerous old christian books, some going back to the early 18th century.......
My father obtained for me Josephus History of the Jews a victorian first edition, a heavy, heavy read, yet enlightening concerning the Biblical Jews, he mentions prophets and prophecies not mentioned in the bible and states that the Temple in Jerusalem before it was destroyed was filled with records and scriptures of his people and Gods dealings with them..........
Josephus is apparently canon in the Ethiopian church. He's good at filling in the background detail, for sure, but I wouldn't have thought of him as scripture myself.

The Muslims claim that 20,000 prophets have been sent out to the world. I don't agree with them on many things, but I do agree that there have probably been many of them. Some of them who probably were among our Pictish ancestors, the Eskimos, Japanese and the Zulus and remote tribes everywhere. There is good evidence that the Maoris in New Zealand had a couple of genuine prophets back in the 1800s.

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Niemand
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Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible - Revelation, Esther, Song of Songs, James etc

Post by Niemand »

I've added a thread on the Apocalypse of Peter (or two books calling themselves such!), which is one of the works mentioned a few times above... that was Antilegomena but didn't survive as canon. The older version suffers from very grand guignol descriptions of Hell, but also offers out a primitive version of eternal progression. I also discuss a newer work of the same name.
viewtopic.php?t=70682

Latest Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha etc
1 Meqabyan (Ethiopian canon), another lost book?
viewtopic.php?t=69855

2 Meqabyan (Ethiopian canon), the return of Tsirutsaydan
viewtopic.php?t=69971

3 Meqabyan (Ethiopian canon) a Question of Satan, another lost work?
viewtopic.php?t=70277

Four Apocryphal Psalms - 152, 153, 154, 155
viewtopic.php?t=69985

The Gospel of Nicodemus or Acts of Pilate, as tested on Mennonites
viewtopic.php?t=69760

1 Clement: Papist propaganda or a window into the early church?
viewtopic.php?p=1368842

2 Clement: Inclement Gnosticism?
viewtopic.php?t=70327

The Didache or Teachings of the Apostles
viewtopic.php?t=69698

A post on the Restored Branch, an English LDS microsect and its canon which includes works from the Nag Hammadi and Gnostic texts: these are the Gospel of Peter, the Gospel of Mary, the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Phillip, the Gospel of Truth (sic), the Letter of the Apostle Paul, the Sophia (Wisdom) of Jesus the Christ, the Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles and the Letter of Peter which he sent to Philip.
viewtopic.php?t=70413

And
The LDS Bible Dictionary on Lost Books and non-canonical works referred to in the Bible.
viewtopic.php?t=69805

On other interrelated religions:
The Samaritans, their canon and its significance
viewtopic.php?t=69905

My thread about the Koran, and its use of figures from the Bible, the Apocrypha and extracanonical material. How useful a source is the Koran itself? Does it have any real extra information on Biblical figures? This is something of work in progress.
viewtopic.php?t=70169

Was Zoroaster/Zarathustra a lost prophet of God? Some surprising links between this largely forgotten figure and Judaism, plus the Gathas.
viewtopic.php?t=65938

My thread on a bizarre Middle Eastern sect and their beliefs. Are the Yezidis of the Middle East an ancient Satanist group or a lost Jewish tribe? And what is the connection between their religion and today's rainbow flag? Is this strange group simply misunderstood?
viewtopic.php?t=70625

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Niemand
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Posts: 13997

Re: Antilegomena: the books which barely made it into the Bible - Revelation, Esther, Song of Songs, James etc

Post by Niemand »

Some other non-canonical antilegomena exist: the Epistle of Barnaby/Barnabas, Didache, Acts of Paul and Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, 1 Clement and 2 Clement and the Didache are among these. (Laodiceans and 3 Corinthians were accepted by some churches into late mediaeval times but are not included in this list.) I may write on some of these.
I have written on all of these since then, with the exception of the Acts of Paul. The links are above.
Among the rejected writings must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul, and the so-called Shepherd [of Hermas], and the Apocalypse of Peter, and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas, and the so-called [Didache or] Teachings of the Apostles; and besides, as I said, the Apocalypse of John [Revelation], if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject, but which others class with the accepted books. And among these some have placed also the Gospel according to the Hebrews, with which those of the Hebrews that have accepted Christ are especially delighted. And all these may be reckoned among the disputed books. [των αντιλεγομένων]"
This list from Eusebius is much the same. Again, I have written on all of these except the Acts of Paul. I haven't written on the Gospel according to the Hebrews yet.

The Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians, an early endorsement of Paul or a forgery? In this post, Paul's letters are discussed, and curiously it's none of the ones mentioned above.
viewtopic.php?p=1400884
According to certain scholars, Polycarp may even have composed or directly influenced some of the letters traditionally ascribed to St. Paul, the so-called Pastoral Letters (I and II Timothy, Titus). These letters possess a 2nd-century vocabulary and style that are characteristic of Polycarp.
Baur describes the Pastoral Letters as notha, i.e. suspect, rather than Antilegomena above.

Latest Apocrypha
Underrated Bible stories #3: Habakkuk's Hair-raising Experience (from Bel & the Dragon in the KJV Apocrypha)
viewtopic.php?t=69509

The Book of Gad the Seer, a work referred to in the Old Testament which may have been preserved by a small group of Jews in India. Some of its content is stunning including references to a sacrificed lamb who is sent by God and the future tribulation.
viewtopic.php?t=71421

The Book of the Cock – an unfortunately named gospel still in current use in Ethiopia.
viewtopic.php?t=71338

The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: are these lost books of the founders of each Tribe of Israel or a later forgery?
viewtopic.php?t=71314

The First and Second Books of Adam and Eve (the Conflict with Satan)
viewtopic.php?t=70846

Also
Celtic legends about the Bible, including the visits of Biblical figures to western Europe, the Michael Line, Holy Grail/Arthurian legend, and Pontius Pilate. Discusses the Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles (the Sonnini Manuscript), Magna Tabula Glastonia, writings of Nicephorus, Leabhar Gabhala/Lebor Gabála Érenn (Book of Settlements), the Mabinogion etc. Also discussed the modern Kolbrin Book and the Gospel of Kailedy, plus the ideas of William Comyns Beaumont.
viewtopic.php?t=71061

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