Just got this info from Wikihow:
How to Survive a Nuclear Attack
A nuclear attack is a very real threat. Though the Cold War has been over for the past decade, the idea of thermonuclear warfare is still a reoccurring topic. What should you do? Where should you take shelter? I will attempt to explain this to the best of my knowledge.
You must learn as much as you can about the different types of Nuclear weapons, so you know exactly what you're going be up against;
Fission (A-Bombs): Fission bombs are the most basic form of nuclear weapons, and the principles are incorporated into many of the other types. The principle behind this type of bomb is to bombard a heavy Nuclei (usually Plutonium or Uranium) with neutrons, this forces the Uranium or Plutonium to split releasing a great amount of energy. The split particles hit other particles and cause those to split; thus creating a nuclear chain reaction.
Fusion (H-Bombs): Fusion Bombs require 2 lighter Nuclei (deuterium and tritium, isotopes of hydrogen) in order to combine them into a heavier unstable element, which releases immense amounts of energy. Fusion Weapons are also known as thermonuclear weapons, due to the fact that high temperatures are required to complete the fusion; hence, most of the time a small yield fission based weapon is detonated within the fusion weapon.
ERW (Neutron Bombs): Known as Enhanced Radiation Weapons, or Neutron Bombs. They are developed specifically to release most of their energy as neutron radiation, where as most nuclear weapons attempt to maintain the neutron within the fission/fusion process to help feed the overall blast;ERW's have a smaller blast(that of perhaps a large conventional weapon.) ERW radiation is capable of penetrating shelters(something other nukes can't do) and create a massive amount of radiation fallout.
SNW (Cobalt Bombs): Salted Nuclear Weapons are called the actual doomsday weapon. The reason behind the name is because, conventional nukes were "salted" with sodium-23; however the half-life for sodium-23 is only 15 hours. Therefore nuclear weapons are salted with Cobalt-60 whose half-life is 5 years; making it unpractical to wait out in shelters. Overall, the purpose of SNW's is to create long lasting nuclear fallout which can spread across the globe by the prevailing winds.
Now that you know what you're up against, its time for survival. Your first warning of a nuclear attack will most probably be an alarm or warning signal. At this point you must seek shelter immediately.
If this is not so, then your first warning will most probably be the blast itself. If you are within the vicinity of the blast(or ground zero), then your chances of survival are virtually non-existent; shelter or otherwise. If you are a few miles out you will have about 10-15 seconds until the heat wave hits you, and maybe 20-30 seconds until the shockwave. Under No Circumstances Should you Look Directly at the Fireball, you will be Blinded!
If shelter is impossible to reach then seek a depressed area nearby and lie face down, expose as little skin as possible. Even around 5 miles you will suffer 3rd degree thermal-burns, still at 20 miles the heat can burn the skin off your body. The winds itself will peak at around 600mph and will level anything or anybody caught in the open.
Be sure you are not surrounded by anything flammable or combustible, such as nylon or any sort of oil based material. Substances such as these will catch on fire from the heat.
You survived the initial blast, but its not the blast that amounts for the high number of deaths it's the radiation. There are 2 threats of radiation;
Initial Radiation: Is radiation released from the blast. This only effects anything within the radius of 1.0-1.5 miles with any bomb less than 1MT yield.
Residual Radiation: More commonly known as Radiation fallout. If the detonation was a surface blast or close enough for the fireball to hit the earth, then there will be large amounts of fallout. The dust an debris kicked into the atmosphere will rain down, and bring with it dangerous amounts of radiation. The fallout may rain down as contaminated black soot also known as "black rain," which is very fatal and may be of extreme temperature. Fallout WILL contaminate anything it lands on.
Before we continue we should also mention the types of radiation particles as well;
Alpha particles: These are the weakest and non-existent threat during an attack. Alpha particles will survive for only a couple inches in the air before they are absorbed by the atmosphere. They possess a minuscule threat from the exterior, however will be fatal if ingested or inhaled. Standard clothing will help protect you from Alpha particles.
Beta particles: These are faster and can penetrate further than Alpha particles. They will travel for up to 10 meters before they are absorbed into the atmosphere. Exposure to Beta particles is not fatal unless exposed for prolonged periods; which they may cause "Beta burns," almost like a painful sunburn. They pose a serious threat however to the eyes, should they be exposed for a prolonged period. Once again this is harmful if ingested or inhaled. Once again clothing will help prevent beta burns.
Gamma particles: Gamma particles are the most deadly of the bunch. They can travel for nearly a mile in the air and penetrate just about any kind of shielding. Therefore Gamma radiation will cause severe damage to the internal organs even as an external source. Sufficient shielding will be required.
Now you have that you have survived the blast and the initial radiation( for now at least, radiation symptoms have an incubation period), your most important task is to find Shelter against the burning black soot, which we said was fallout.
Try not to spend more than 5 minutes exposed to the Gamma radiation. If you are in a rural area try finding a cave, or fallen log which you can crawl into. Otherwise just dig a trench for you to lie in, with stacked earth around you.
Begin reinforcing your shelter from the inside. Do this by stacking dirt around the walls or anything else you can find. If you are in a trench then create a roof, only if the materials are nearby; you don't want to expose yourself when it is'nt necessary. Canvas from a parachute or tent will help stop fallout debris from piling on to you, though it will not stop the gamma rays.
Use this to help you determine the amount of material you need for adequate shielding against harmful particles( its one or the other, for example having 0.5ft of steel is as good as 2ft of rock, you wouldn't need both);
Steel: 0.5 feet (20 cm), Rock: 2-3ft (70-100 cm), Concrete: 2ft (70 cm), Earth/Wood:3-4ft (1-1.5 m), Ice:5-6ft (2 m), Snow:20-22ft (7 m).
Plan on staying in your shelter for a minimum of 200 hours or 8 days. The radioactive material has a Half-life that decays exponentially. For instance, after 7 hours the contamination will be 50% of what it was, after 14 hours the contamination will be 25% of what it was during maximum contamination, etc.
You will need rations to survive obviously, therefore you will eventually expose yourself to the radiation (unless you are in a specific shelter with food and water). Processed foods are okay to eat, so long as the container has no punctures and is relatively intact. Animals may be eaten but, they must be skinned carefully with the heart, liver and kidneys DISCARDED. Try not to eat meat that is close to the bone, for bone marrow retains radiation.
Plants which are in a "hot zone" are edible as well. Plants with edible roots, or undergrowth such as carrots, potatoes, etc. are highly recommended. Use an edibility test on the plants.
Open water may have received fallout particles and is harmful. Water from an underground source is your best bet, such as a underground spring or a covered well. Use water from streams and lakes only as a last resort. Create a filter by digging a hole about 1ft from the bank and drawing the water which seeps in. It may be cloudy or muddy allow the sediments to sit, then boil the water to ensure safety from bacteria. If you are in a building, it is usually safe to use the water. If there is not water (which there most likely won't be), you can use the water already in the pipes. To do this turn on the faucet at the highest point of the house to let in oxygen, then open a faucet at the lowest point of the house to drain the water. Boil or purify the water somehow.
Be sure to maintain all of your clothing including hats, gloves, goggles closed sleeve shirt etc. especially when venturing outside to help prevent Beta-burns.
Decontaminate yourself by shaking your clothes constantly, washing in any water will remove particles too. Be sure to wash any exposed skin, settled residue will cause burns overtime.
Treating a Radiation or Thermal burn;
Minor Burn: Should you or an individual receive a minor burn then immerse it in cold water until the pain subsides(usually 5 minutes).
If the skin starts to blister, char or break; wash it with cold water to remove any contaminants, then cover it with a sterile compress to prevent infection . DO NOT ATTEMPT TO BREAK THE BLISTERS!
If the skin does not blister, char or break; there will be no need to cover it, even if it may cover a large portion of the body(almost like a sunburn), instead wash the area and cover it with Vaseline or a solution of baking powder and water. If none of this is available, moist (uncontaminated) earth will do.
Severe Burn:This can become life threatening, everything becomes a factor; water loss, shock, lung damage, infection, etc. Follow these steps to treat a severe burn.
Protect the burn from further contamination.
If clothing covers the burn area then gently cut and remove the cloth from the burn. DO NOT try to remove cloth which has stuck or fused onto the burn. DO NOT try to pull clothes over the burn. DO NOT put any ointment on the burn.
Gently wash the burned area with water ONLY(on a regular burn you don't want to do this, however since this is a radiation/thermal burn you MUST remove the particles from the wound)
Put a sterile dressing over the burnt area. In a mass casualty situation(which there likely might be) a clean sheet may be used instead.
Prevent shock. Shock is the inadequate flow of blood to the vital tissues and organs. If untreated it can be fatal. Shock results from excessive blood loss, deep burns, or a reaction to the sight of a wound or blood. The signs are restlessness, thirst, pale skin, and rapid heartbeat. They may be sweating even if their skin feels cool and clammy. As it becomes worse they breath short fast gasps, with a stare of vacancy. To treat; maintain proper heartbeat and respiration by massaging the chest and positioning the person for adequate respiration. Loosen any constrictive clothing and reasure the person. Be firm yet gentle with self confidence.
If the person is conscious, is not vomiting, and has no abdominal/neck wound; give them the sodium chloride-sodium bicarbonate mixture(see first aid later in this article). If you do not have this use 1/8 teaspoon of baking soda, 1/2 teaspoon of salt, and quart of cool water. Or use a salt/water solution, and if you have no salt use water only. NEVER give warm water, it will cause vomiting!
Have the person consume the mixture slowly over a 1hour period. If they become nauseated stop giving them the solution, but keep it close by to have them continue later. This solution restores fluids and salts that the body is flushing out.
You will eventually encounter people with Radiation sickness, also called Radiation Syndrome. Radiation sickness is not contagious, so feel free to assist any who might need it.
It all depends on the amount of radiation the individual has been exposed to, here is a condensed version of the table;
Less than 5 RAD: no visible symptoms.
5-50 RAD: Decreased red blood cell count.
50-150 RAD:Decreased production of immunity cells, susceptible to infections, nausea, headache, and vomiting may be common. Recovery is possible within a month.
150-1,100 RAD: Severe blood changes noted. Within a couple weeks many of the exposed will die. Still births and spontaneous abortion is common, sterility as well. Symptoms are the same as before but with increased intensity. Death is mostly due to infection from the decreased immunity cells.
1200-2000 RAD: Death is nearly 100% at this stage, symptoms appear immediately. The gastrointestinal system is completely destroyed. There will be uncontrollable bleeding from the mouth, under the skin and the kidneys. Fatigue and general illness takes its toll. Symptoms are the same as before with increased intensity. Recovery is not possible.
More than 2000 RAD: The symptoms set in instantly, with the same symptoms but with increased intensity. Then the symptoms will cease for several days in the "walking ghost" phase. Then suddenly gastrointestinal cells are destroyed, with a loss of water and excessive bleeding. Death will set in with delirium and insanity. When the brain is no longer able to control the bodily functions such as breathing or blood-circulation, the individual will die. There is no medical therapy available to reverse the effects, medical help is for comfort only.
Therefore be on the look out for individuals developing the following symptoms;
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Red itchy skin
Sore mouth
Sore throat
Hair loss
Recurrent infections
Bleeding
Anemia
Unfortunately there may come a time when you have to accept that a certain individual may no longer survive. It may sound harsh, but you should refrain from using up rations or supplies on someone who will soon die of Radiation sickness. Attempt to keep the rations for the fit and healthy, should supplies be in demand. Radiation sickness is prevalent among the very young, the old or sick.
Home Fallout Shelters can be created using a basement or cellar. However many new developments no longer have cellar, if that's the case then you should consider constructing a community shelter or a private one in your backyard. If you are creating one here are some guide lines;
Be sure there are absolutely no windows, and make sure that majority of your shelter is underground.
Existing basements or cellars will need additional reinforcement. Here are the minimums as declared by the Department of Defense.
4in of Concrete
5-6in of Brick
6in of Sand (bags or boxes, it doesnt matter)
7in of Earth
8in of hollow Cinder Blocks (6in if filled with sand)
10in of water
14in of Books/Magazines OR 18in of Wood
Make sure to have lots of food and water. Canned food or any sort of food that will not spoil is recommended. MREs are suggested.
First-Aid kit. Be sure to have an extensive one, not just the "taking the kids to the park" set of Bandaids. This is one recommended by the Department of Defense;
Sterile gauze dressings(4x7in)
Compress and Bandage(2x2in, 4 strips)
Gauze compress-type bandages(3in x 6yrds)
3 six yard rolls of 1in and 2in gauze bandage
Muslin-type compressed bandges(37x37x52in)
Gauze, petrolatum(3x26in,3 strips)
Adhesive tape(1in x 1yd, 100 strips)
Band-aid(3/4 x 3in, 100 strips)
Eye wash
Ammonia inhalation solution, aromatic ampules(1/3cc,10 units)
Povodon-iodine solution, non-ferrous, 10% (1/2 fluid oz.)
Sodium chloride(salt)-sodium bicarbonare mixture
Surgical razor/scalple
instruction sheet and contents.
The following are HIGHLY recommended items to be put in your kit, although you may need a doctors clearance for a couple of these.(many of these can be used to treat the symptoms of Radiation sickness);
Tweezers
Compazine suppositories(for nausea and vomiting)
Tincture of opium(for diarrhea)
Antacid tablets(for indigestion)
Bottle of aspirin(minor pain)
A narcotic(major pain)
Other non-first aid things you should have;
Sleeping bags
Lots of clothing(both warm and covering(when your outside), as well as cool(for when your inside)
Sunscreen and lotion
Toletries
Sunglasses
flashlights and batteries.
Radio and "walkie-takies"(no cellphones, the EMP from the blast will render it useless for a while, then the satellites will go down for national security so you will get no signal.)
"Self Powered" flashlights and "Self powered Radios", sealed in aluminum foil, other metal, so that the EMP does not render them inoperable. In a time like that try and find a usable battery.
Flares
Candles - Use only IF there are no gas leaks, explosive gas.
Glow sticks
Waterproof strike-anywhere matches
Smoke signals
Compass
Halazone tablets for water purification(this will not filter out radiation, just pathogens!)
Needle and thread
Canvas
Self defense weapon, preferably a gun.
Axe/Hatchet, Hand Saw, Skinning knife, Combat knife, and eating utensils.(be sure to take a whetstone or file to sharpen)
Pencil, paper and anything that will help pass the time.
A copy of this Wikihow
My question is, where it is not practical to make a fallout shelter a permanent fixture, how would one quickly construct one? We have a daylight basement. There is an area where our food storage is without windows, and we could seal it off with plastic sheeting, but we don't have piles of bricks or anything laying around, so how would we do this?